Description: Dated 1918, this is a map titled "The Ohio Country of the Historic Indian Period," compiled by H.C. Shetrone and drawn by R.B. Sherman. The map includes geological features, regions occupied by various American Indian peoples, Anglo-American settlements, and political forces governing the Ohio landscape, such as the Treaty of Greeneville. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MAP_VFM0436_4
Subjects: American Indian history and society; Miami Tribe; Wyandot Indians--History; Shawnee Tribe; Delaware Indians--History; Geography and Natural Resources
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Cornstalk, Chief of the Shawnee tribe, led his people in a battle against the British at what is now Point Pleasant, West Virginia. They were defeated and Cornstalk signed a treaty with Lord Dunmore in 1774. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02723
Subjects: Shawnee Indians--History; Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; American Indians--Portraits
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Shawnee leader Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea, commonly referred to as Colonel Lewis, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea, whose name means "The man on the water who sinks and rises again," was born at Pickaway Plains, Ohio. He lived for many years near Wapakoneta, Ohio. McKenney and Hall say in their book that Colonel Lewis' rise to chief was entirely accidental. An American government official mistook Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea for the chief and his tribe followed suit, believing that was the wish of the government. Eventually, Colonel Lewis moved to land west of the Mississippi that was given to the Shawnee by the American government, and there he died in 1826. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02909
Subjects: Shawnee Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Shawnee leader Tenskwatawa, or The Prophet, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Tenskwatawa worked with his brother Tecumseh to unite American Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory to defend themselves against white settlers. The title across bottom of the page reads "Tens-Kwau-Ta-Waw." Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian Gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02992
Subjects: Shawnee Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington (District of Columbia)
 

Description: This color illustration depicts a Shawnee Indian holding a spear. He is walking in a stream or a lake, and appears to be spear-fishing. He is carrying pack slung over one shoulder. The Shawnee Indians were living in the Ohio Valley as early as the late 1600s. The Iroquois natives were unwilling to share these rich hunting grounds and drove the Shawnee away. Some went to Illinois; others went to Pennsylvania, Maryland or Georgia. As the power of the Iroquois weakened, the Shawnee moved back into Ohio from the south and the east. They settled in the lower Scioto River Valley. Fierce warriors, the Shawnee were allies of the French until British traders moved into the Ohio Country around 1740. The French pushed the British out of Ohio, and the Shawnee allied with the French again until the British victory in the French and Indian War. Ohio natives, including the Shawnee, fought the British and their colonists. During the American Revolution, the Shawnee fought alongside the British against the Americans, believing that Britain would prevent the colonists from encroaching further upon the natives' land. After the war the American Indians continued to fight the Americans. General Anthony Wayne defeated the Shawnee and other Ohio natives at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. The Shawnee were forced to surrender most of their lands in Ohio with the signing of the Treaty of Greeneville. Many of the Shawnee moved into the Indiana Territory. Some of these people, however, hoped to reclaim their Ohio lands. Chief among them was Tecumseh, who hoped to unite together all native tribes west of the Appalachian Mountains against the United States. Due to the advanced technology of the whites and the American Indians' failure to put aside their traditional differences, Tecumseh's efforts at confederation failed. General William Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnee and their allies at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Other Shawnee leaders, like Black Hoof, adopted white customs, in the hope that the whites would allow the natives to continue to live on the land if the American Indians adopted white customs. Between 1831 and 1833, the United States government forced the Shawnee to give up their land claims in Ohio, and forcibly removed the tribe to reservations in Oklahoma and Kansas. The Shawnee divided themselves into different clans. The principal leader of the Shawnee could only come from one clan. The name of this clan was “Chillicothe.” When a village was called Chillicothe, it meant that it was home to the principal chief, the “capital city” of the Shawnees. Chillicothe was also the name of Ohio's first state capital. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07000
Subjects: Shawnee Tribe; American Indian history and society; Shawnee Indians--Government relations; Tecumseh, Shawnee Chief, 1768-1813; Greenville, Treaty of, 1795
 

Description: Portrait of Kish Kal Wa, a Shawnee chief, from "History of the Indian Tribes of North America, with Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs," by Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall (Philadelphia: D. Rice & A. N. Hart, 1854). Kishkalwa was a renowned warrior and was believed to be a brother of Chief Black Hoof. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02779
Subjects: Shawnee Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: Memorial to the last battle between the forces of General Nathaniel Massie and the Shawnee Indians in 1795. Located in Bainbridge, Ross County, Ohio, 1936. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00296
Subjects: Shawnee Indians--History; Ohio History--Military Ohio
Places: Bainbridge (Ohio); Ross County (Ohio)
 

Description: Illustrated portrait of Shawnee Indian Tenskwatawa, the brother of Tecumseh. In 1805, Tenskwatawa claimed to have been visited by the Master of Life, a Shawnee Indian deity, who said that American Indians must reject the ways of white men in order to regain their lands. For this reason, he is known as the Prophet. He was named Lalawethika (the Rattle) by his mother but changed his name to Tenskwatawa after being visited by the Master of Life. Though he and Tecumseh were initially able to unite many Indian tribes under this message, the confederation ultimately failed. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04623
Subjects: American Indians; Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; American Indian tribal leaders; Shawnee Tribe